Journal of African Development

Current cybersecurity risk management approaches fail to adequately address today's organizational resilience needs due to the increasing complexity of cyber threats driven by the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and the imminent arrival of quantum computing. The current paper critically reviews the latest risk management strategies for cybersecurity, comparing compliance-centric methods with adaptive, AI-supported, and quantum-resistant solutions. We assess the effectiveness of integrated risk management architectures, zero trust and cyber resilience frameworks and evaluate how they have evolved in recent years, in line with recent developments, such as NIST SP 800-37 Rev. 2 (2025), ISO/IEC 27001:2025 and new threat detection systems powered by AI. The study marks a paradigm shift in three areas: continuous risk assessment, automated response orchestration and preparedness for post-quantum cryptographic protocols. The results show that companies with a hybrid human-AI governance model and real-time risk quantification methods and companies that have implemented proactive quantum-safe transition planning have measurably better security postures. The paper concludes with a strategic roadmap for enterprise adaptive cybersecurity risk management with a focus on the intersection of technology, culture and regulation